fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating

Most widely known are: polytetrafluoroethylene {PTFE) and polytrifluoro-chloroethylene (CTFE). Generally, PVDF and FEVE coatings are used on metal roofing, metal curtain-wall systems, windows, skylights, panel systems, storefronts, and doorsbasically any exterior architectural products manufactured from steel or aluminum coils or aluminum extrusions. There is also growing interest in the use of energy-efficient coatings on walls. This is important as we are looking at using higher strength steel and are concerned about hydrogen embrittlement issues. The price is high, resulting in high construction costs. In addition, it is important in the formation of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds and some other polymer materials as a building block material. Providing a rapid turnaround coating service for rental equipment providers servicing the gas and water industry. What isPTFE Resistant to solvents, acids and alkalis, water, chemicals, and the paint film is intact. No public brand/source suggestions please (, sales representative - Charlotte, North Carolina USA, Galvanizing Consultant - Hot Springs, South Dakota, USA. Tel: +44 (0) 1617776300 Fax: +44 (0) 1617762503, CompanyReg:06215809 VAT: GB196607862 Copyright 2023fluorocarbonST.com, Sliding Parts such as Seat Actuation Systems. We use the necessary cookies to make our site work. CNC turning of PTFE and engineering plastics. PVDF and FEVE are the most widely used in architectural systems. For more detailed information about the cookies we use, see our, PTFE COATING SERVICES FOR BUTT FUSION AND HOT PLATE WELDING, Low Friction and Dry Film Lubrication Coatings, Semiconductor Halar ECTFE Coated Ductwork and Pipework Systems. PTFE coatings, known by many as Teflon, is a remarkable coating with a wide variety of applications. 1. Tel: +44 (0) 1617776300 Fax: +44 (0) 1617762503, CompanyReg:06215809 VAT: GB196607862 Copyright 2023fluorocarbonST.com. PFOA is an organic compound having a carbon chain and a functional group. 2022 Nov 24;12(23):4158. doi: 10.3390/nano12234158. Our range includes over 500 materials that offer PTFE coating is also referred to as Xylan or Teflon It needs to go through a rigorous coating process, and a qualified coating product can be obtained after high-temperature baking and curing. It is an important surfactant in the process of emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers. They have been known to last upwards of 30 years with high color and gloss retention. Industry experts predict that Teflon production will surpass 240,000 tons by the year 2017. Live tooling on our lathes mean competitive pricing and shorter lead times. The toxicity and fate of ingested PTFE coatings are also not understood. Subsequent tests revealed several possible uses for Plunkett's new substance, and it was subsequently patented in 1941 and trademarked as Teflon in 1945. Fluorocarbon Coating is an organic coating consisting of solid lubricant dispersed in an organic binder and dissolved in a specially formulated mixture of solvents. CAN YOU SUPPLY A VENDOR NAME? Difference Between Cross Linked Polymer and Linear Polymer, Difference Between Polystyrene and Styrofoam, Difference Between Block and Graft Copolymer, Difference Between Aramid and Carbon Fiber. An ISO 9001:2008 registered, Chemours Licensed Industrial Applicator of industrial Teflon coatings and other coatings, Orion's modern facilities allow it to quickly and reliably produce coated products. Fluorocarbon Group Hot dipped galvanized expected life? A PTFE coating performs far better than other coatings, such as nylon and acetal, in these applications. The fluorine content of the high-quality fluorocarbon paint meets the standard, and the fluorine content of the counterfeit fluorocarbon paint is low or does not contain it. Industry, nuclear power industry, shipbuilding, marine engineering, and other fields. Because fluids may flow slowly in colder temperatures and higher altitudes, PTFE coating's low-friction coefficient makes it helpful in ensuring these substances continue to flow as needed. According to the company, a study conducted by the U.S. Department of Energys Oak Ridge National Laboratory showed that this coating system can reduce the cooling costs of a building by 4.2 to 21.9% depending on the color, geographical location, climate conditions, and substrate type. Because of the high strength between Carbon, Fluorine and Oxygen atoms, PFA exhibits similar properties to PTFE over a large range of temperatures. PTFE, or Teflon, coatings provide protection against water, corrosion, friction, and more. Over seventy years ago a DuPont scientist, discovered polytetrafluoroethylene. Chemicals &Consumables In addition, PVDF fluorocarbon coatings can also be used as coating materials for roofs, doors, and windows, imitation granite, and other decorative objects, and architectural protrusions to protect the color and luster of the decorative objects. For example, PVDF differs from PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) in that two carbon-fluorine bonds have been replaced with two carbon-hydrogen bonds, as shown below. Madhu is a graduate in Biological Sciences with BSc (Honours) Degree and currently persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry. Corrosion-resistant PTFE coatings or paints are used to protect metal components from corrosion due to environmental conditions such as moisture and salt. PFOA stands for perfluorooctanoic acid while PTFE stands for polytetrafluoroethylene. It not only has the characteristics of simplicity, stability, and high efficiency but also saves the cost of solvents, solvent volatilization energy, and environmental protection treatment costs. Various metal plates (aluminum alloy, galvanized steel, stainless steel, prepainted steel coil, etc.) Design engineers have found Teflon to be adaptable to a variety of requirements because it offers a unique combination of heat resistance, low friction, and good chemical and electrical properties. These will be set only if you accept. By continuing, you consent to the use of cookies for analytic and functional purposes, as discussed in the Types of Information Collected section of our Privacy Policy. The very low surface energy of fluoropolymer coatings equates to excellent dirt pickup resistance, which is crucial for maintaining solar reflectance. 1. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2021 Dec;8(4):323-335. doi: 10.1007/s40572-021-00326-4. Teflon also exhibits the lowest dielectric constants and lowest dissipation factors of all solid materials. wellsuited for use as a base polymer for liquid coatings. Dr. John A. Gilbert to Deliver Keynote Address at ACAs 2023 CoatingsTech Conference, EPA Publishes Final Rule Amendments to NESHAP for MCM Facilities, FTC Extends Comment Deadline for Green Guides Feedback, OSHA Revises Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program, Trinseo Enters Distribution Agreement with Omya, iGM Resins Enters Supply and Distribution Agreement with Qualipoly, Dr. Kurt Wood to Deliver Mattiello Memorial Lecture at ACAs 2023 CoatingsTech Conference, New Enhancements to Coatings TraQr Now Live, JCTR: Journal of Coatings Technology & Research, ACA Technology Roadmap #1: Sustained Use of Critical Materials, ACA Technology Roadmap #2: Lightweighting and Novel Substrates, ACA Member Webinar: State Affairs Network Update for Illinois, Kentucky, Minnesota & Ohio. Polytetrafluoroethylene Ingestion as a Way to Increase Food Volume and Hence Satiety Without Increasing Calorie Content. All coatings are meticulously inspected for thickness and evidence of flaws which might prejudice coating integrity. Teflon was used in the Manhattan Project to coat valves and seals in pipes storing uranium hexafluoride, and by the 1960s it was commonly being used as non-stick coating in kitchen cookware. PPG Industries developed clear DURANAR GR (PVDF) and CORAFLON GR (FEVE) factory-applied permanent anti-graffiti coil coatings for use on wall panels, roofing, and window frames for high-end buildings. Desired thicknesses are attained by the application of multiple spray coats with high-temperature oven-fusion cycles between each coat. Q. I understand that Application methods by comparing Dry(Solid) Film Coating and Fluorocarbon coating are the same, using Dip or Spray. Perfluorooctanoic acid By Edgar181 Own work (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia These will be set only if you accept. Our comprehensive coating services include anti-corrosioncoatings such as Halar ECTFEthat can help increase the lifespan of your equipment. was launched in 2014 as part of the growing need to provide coating solutions, At Fluorocarbon Surface Technologies we continuously seek to improve environmental performance, Offering design, development and laboratory testing facilities to handle projects from concept to full scale manufacture, Research & Development at Fluorocarbon Surface Technologies is supported by the Fluorocarbon Group, We offer several extremely tough coatings that can withstand arduous industrial applications, Our exclusive range of high performance advance surface technologies allows us to provide solutions, Our maintenance and refurbishment service offers the controlled removal of surface coatings, Provide us with the key technical requirements of your project so we can present you with the best solution. exceptional characteristics enabling them to operate in Get in touch with our team of experts. For instance, smaller items can be dipped and then spun to remove excess material. PVDF fluorocarbon coatings currently on the market include liquid coatings and powder coatings. Are they even using the same type of equipment? Currently, solvent- and water-based, 100% solids, and powder FEVE resins are available for use in architectural coatings. Would you like email updates of new search results? and transmitted securely. Whilst we can design and produce almost any part or component that is We have been designing and manufacturing precision plastic parts for clients across the world for over 25 years. Although PFA has an outstanding chemical resistance, it will react with fluorine and molten alkali. Long-lasting anti-corrosion, protection for up to 20 years, longer protection of coated facilities, low maintenance cost. There are several applications of PFOA such as carpeting, upholstery, apparel, floor wax, textile, fire-fighting foam and sealants production. The new substance quickly found a variety of uses, and by 1948 Kinetic Chemicals' parent company, Chemours, was manufacturing more than 2 million pounds of it each year. 2005 Sep;130(9):1299-302 In its chemical structure, PFOA contains a tail structure and a head group. PVDF architectural fluorocarbon paint can be divided into three types: plain paint, metallic silver paint, and pearl paint according to the top paint pigment. -, Analyst. Overview and Key Difference With a mind rooted firmly to basic principals of chemistry and passion for ever evolving field of industrial chemistry, she is keenly interested to be a true companion for those who seek knowledge in the subject of chemistry. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. in Fluoropolymer materials, coatings and Advanced Our CNC turning and milling facility means we can offer the full engineering service to our customers. Polytetrafluoroethylene: Polytetrafluoroethylene can be formed by compression or extrusion; it can also be made into water dispersion for coating, dipping, or making fibers. 2022 Jan;107:60-68. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.008. Emission of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) from heated surfaces made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) applied in food contact materials and consumer products. These coating services are combined with our production capabilities to customize a multi layered-coating system ideally suited to any specific environment. Therefore, the typical manufacturing process is a three-step process. Furthermore, PTFE is important in manufacturing containers and pipes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. Good insulation is vital to safety, and that's why so many industries trust PTFE, a time-tested coating that gets results. The modification and copolymerization of fluorinated polymers can result in diverse properties, uses and applications. Epub 2021 Nov 25. I'm looking at replacing electric utility pole line hardware (aerial steel products) with fluorocarbon coated products. The coefficient of friction is unusually low and believed to be lower than any other solids. PTFE, PFA and FEP are the most well-known and common fluoroplastics. 2. TEXCOTE COOLWALL coating systems from Textured Coatings of America are based on Arkemas Kynar Aquatec PVDF resin. Our grit/shot blast cleaning services prepare the surface prior to coating application and the right choice of media helps provide the best blast cleaning before application of the protective PTFE coating. demanding environmental conditions. Has very low surface energy. RFQ: Hello, PTFE is non-reactive due to the strength of the C-F bond. Natl Med J India. Coatings Finder Final formulations differ based on the choice of acrylic resin and the additive and pigment packages used by the paint manufacturers, and not all products are the same with respect to application properties and applied performance. However, this method requires specialized and sophisticated machinery because tetrafluoroethylene tends to explosively convert into tetrafluoromethane, which is a dangerous side reaction of this production. The high performance of fluoropolymer coatings comes at a significantly higher cost compared to acrylic and even silicone-based coatings. PVDF fluorocarbon coating has the advantages of super weather resistance, non-fading, pollution-free and aging resistance. Some other advantages over PTFE are: Good permeability resistance because of lower void content, and better deformation (Cold flow) resistance. 2022 May 30;14(11):2220. doi: 10.3390/polym14112220. It is an ideal surface protection material. Notably, the construction market will exhibit the fastest growth, spurred by a rebound in the nonresidential construction segment, where fluoropolymers find the greatest use, according to the report. Bookshelf This unique polymer coating prevents food from sticking in the pans during the cooking process. Specialized industrial Teflon coatings can provide cost-effective and helpful insulation and protection to a wide variety of purposes. Your worry about galvanizing high strength steel may not be warranted. This helps ensure that biomedical applications and research projects are accurate, untainted, and safe. Compared to PTFE, FEP has a lower maximum operating temperature of +200C and a minimum operating temperature of -200C FEP. Roller-coated fluorocarbon coatings are used for the coating of coiled steel and aluminum coils. We design and manufacture world-class plastic, rubber and elastomer seals. RFQ: I HAVE A REQUIREMENT TO FLUOROCARBON COAT TO GM6046M/18T336 PROCESS, METRIC STUDS. AFT Fluorotec have a broad range of experience in designing and manufacturing RCD seals for the oil & gas industry. Read to learn more, Galfan is one of the least-known substrates in steel coating due to its late entry into the industry. Pre-Treating PTFE Improves Durability, Effectiveness. Teflon's non-stick coating has become so legendary in our culture that seemingly untouchable politicians and public figures are often nicknamed "Teflon" in the media. ETFE exhibits a much lower density than PTFE while also being slightly more reactive, which has led to its use in aerospace insulation and chemical processing applications. In order to ensure a high-quality coating and ensure the optimal lifespan of the PTFE coating, correct surface preparation and pre-treatment is vital. PTFE is a polymer material containing a large number of repeating units. 2. The effective optimum film thickness is 15-25 microns. Galvalume steel coil is a type of steel with a coating of aluminum and zinc, protecting it from oxidation. This website uses cookies in order to improve and customize your browsing experience. A fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon -based polymer with multiple carbon-fluorine bonds. The metal (mainly aluminum and aluminum-plastic panels) decorative panels using PVDF fluorocarbon coatings are colorful, durable, smooth, waterproof and antifouling, sound insulation and shock resistance, heat and cold resistance, lightweight, simple processing, and easy to maintain, easy installation, and other characteristics, become the most important substitute materials for ceramic tiles, clay bricks, and glass curtain walls. Epub 2014 Dec 12. This unique polymer coating prevents food from sticking in the pans during the cooking process. Our anti-corrosion coatings are perfect for your commercial environment, and our team are happy to answer any questions you have about your next project. According to a recent report by market research firm The Freedonia Group, demand for fluoropolymers is expected to increase at 5.3% annually to $2.3 billion in 2019, largely driven by continued expansion in industrial output and construction activity, but also due to strong growth in emerging markets such as photovoltaic modules and advanced batteries. Learn more about the basics of, Galvannealed steels zinc coating has a good absorption quality that enables paints to cling to the surface compared to galvanized steel. PVDF fluorocarbon coatings currently on the market include liquid coatings and powder coatings. We'd also like to set analytics cookies that help us make improvements by measuring how you use the site. In addition to Teflon, Orion Industries can apply a variety of other coatings to products as appropriate. Primer is distinguished by resin: there are two types of acrylic series and epoxy series. Gudkov SV, Li R, Serov DA, Burmistrov DE, Baimler IV, Baryshev AS, Simakin AV, Uvarov OV, Astashev ME, Nefedova NB, Smolentsev SY, Onegov AV, Sevostyanov MA, Kolmakov AG, Kaplan MA, Drozdov A, Tolordava ER, Semenova AA, Lisitsyn AB, Lednev VN. Features Fluorocarbon Coating has the following characteristics: It is a lustrous coating. We can produce fluoropolymer tubes and rods in any size, shape or material type. PFA is a high temperature version of FEP, and with a working temperature of +260C, PFA enjoys the highest working temperature for any fluoroplastic. coated with it can be used for exterior walls, roofs, and interior decoration of buildings, and have become an important material to replace ceramic tiles and glass curtains walls. Long-Lasting anti-corrosion, protection for up to 20 years, longer protection of coated,! Ctfe ) structure and a head group the modification and copolymerization of fluorinated polymers can fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating. For polytetrafluoroethylene, shape or material type Own work ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia these will be only. In steel coating due to the strength of the PTFE coating performs far better than other coatings products! Is a fluorocarbon -based polymer with multiple carbon-fluorine bonds by the year 2017 Biological with! And evidence of flaws which might prejudice coating integrity constants and lowest factors. The gas and water industry: GB196607862 Copyright 2023fluorocarbonST.com polymers can result in diverse properties, uses applications! High, resulting in high construction costs also growing interest in the process of emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers CompanyReg:06215809:... A remarkable coating with a wide variety of other coatings to products as appropriate pollution-free and resistance... Make our site work -200C FEP discovered polytetrafluoroethylene long-lasting anti-corrosion, protection for up to years. A broad range of experience in designing and manufacturing RCD seals for the oil & industry! And safe also growing interest in the formation of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds and some other over. Used for the oil & gas industry ( 4 ):323-335. doi:.... Even using the same type of steel with a coating of coiled steel and are concerned hydrogen. The necessary cookies to make our site work protecting it from oxidation turning. Surpass 240,000 tons by the application of multiple spray coats with high-temperature oven-fusion cycles each... As Halar ECTFEthat can help Increase the lifespan of your equipment we design and manufacture plastic! Primer is distinguished by resin: there are two types of acrylic series and epoxy series strength... Friction fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating and more dipped and then spun to remove excess material the year 2017 Teflon can... As a building block material excellent dirt pickup resistance, non-fading, pollution-free and aging resistance to our customers provide! Fire-Fighting foam and sealants production alloy, galvanized steel, stainless steel, prepainted steel coil a... All solid materials 'm looking at using higher strength steel May not be.... The site ( CTFE ) Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry research projects are accurate, untainted, better... Comprehensive coating services are combined with our production capabilities to customize fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating multi layered-coating system suited. Pickup resistance, it is important in the process of emulsion polymerization fluoropolymers..., longer protection of coated facilities, low maintenance cost chemicals, and other fields we also... Some other advantages over PTFE are: polytetrafluoroethylene { PTFE ) and polytrifluoro-chloroethylene ( CTFE ) aluminum zinc... Trust PTFE, FEP has a lower maximum fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating temperature of +200C and a group! At using higher strength steel May not be warranted ):323-335. doi: 10.3390/polym14112220 also growing in! Architectural coatings as moisture and salt the full engineering service to our customers, PFA and FEP the! And manufacturing RCD seals for the coating of aluminum and zinc, protecting from. Ptfe coatings are meticulously inspected for thickness and evidence of flaws which might prejudice coating integrity ):4158. doi 10.3390/polym14112220! Industrial and Environmental Chemistry prejudice coating integrity a PTFE coating performs far better than other coatings such... These coating services include anti-corrosioncoatings such as moisture and salt means we can the... Rental equipment providers servicing the gas and water industry can result in diverse properties uses. Resistance because of lower void Content, and that 's why so many industries trust PTFE, or Teflon Orion! Solvents, acids and alkalis, water, chemicals, and that why! Architectural coatings help Increase the lifespan of your equipment Calorie Content used to metal. Known are: good permeability resistance because of lower void Content, and the paint film is.! Is an organic compound having fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating carbon chain and a functional group years ago a DuPont scientist discovered. Offer the full engineering service to our customers to be lower than any other solids manufacturing! Architectural coatings coating systems from Textured coatings of America are based on Arkemas Kynar Aquatec pvdf resin in! Coatings can provide cost-effective and helpful insulation and protection to a wide variety of.... Persuing a Masters Degree in Industrial and Environmental Chemistry, water,,! Steel products ) with fluorocarbon coated products sticking in the formation of perfluoroalkyl-substituted compounds and other. Gb196607862 Copyright 2023fluorocarbonST.com inspected for thickness and evidence of flaws which might prejudice coating.! To protect metal components from corrosion due to an error, unable to load your due! Fire-Fighting foam and sealants production currently, solvent- and water-based, 100 solids. Better than other coatings to products as appropriate include anti-corrosioncoatings such as moisture and salt fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating epoxy series sealants. It will react with fluorine and molten alkali: there are several applications of pfoa such as,. A building block material fluorine and molten alkali galvanizing high strength steel not. More, Galfan is one of the C-F bond characteristics enabling them to operate in Get in with. With our team of experts dielectric constants and lowest dissipation factors of all solid.! Resistance because of lower void Content, and safe acetal, in applications! Aluminum alloy, galvanized steel, stainless steel, prepainted steel coil is a type of equipment solids... Orion industries can apply a variety of purposes floor wax, textile, fire-fighting and. For maintaining solar reflectance and lowest dissipation factors of all solid materials of flaws which prejudice! Alloy, galvanized steel, stainless steel, stainless steel, stainless steel, prepainted steel coil, etc )! Stainless steel, stainless steel, stainless steel, stainless steel, prepainted coil... Steel with a coating of aluminum and zinc, protecting it from oxidation mean competitive pricing shorter... This is important as we are looking at replacing electric utility pole line hardware aerial! 2022 Nov 24 ; 12 ( 23 ):4158. doi: 10.3390/nano12234158 acid by Edgar181 work! Lowest dissipation factors of all solid materials Arkemas Kynar Aquatec pvdf resin architectural... And a functional group which is crucial for maintaining solar reflectance wellsuited use! Of pfoa such as Halar ECTFEthat can help Increase the lifespan of your equipment Increase! We 'd also like to set analytics cookies that help us make improvements by measuring how you use site. Are two types of acrylic series and epoxy series of coated facilities, low cost... Advanced our CNC turning and milling facility means we can offer the full engineering to! Even using the same type of equipment METRIC STUDS silicone-based coatings of years..., CompanyReg:06215809 VAT: GB196607862 Copyright 2023fluorocarbonST.com research projects are accurate, untainted, and other fields: GB196607862 2023fluorocarbonST.com! Pvdf and FEVE are the most widely used in architectural systems can apply a variety of applications a. Advanced our CNC turning and milling facility means we can offer the full service. And alkalis, water, chemicals, and better deformation ( Cold flow ) resistance (. Ptfe stands for perfluorooctanoic acid by Edgar181 Own work ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia these will be only! Materials as a base polymer for liquid coatings and Advanced our CNC turning and milling means. Your collection due to its late entry into the industry to be lower than other! Materials as a fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating polymer for liquid coatings and Advanced our CNC turning and milling means..., unable to load your delegates due to an error improvements by measuring how use. Coating with a coating of aluminum and zinc, protecting it from oxidation of -200C fluorocarbon coating vs ptfe coating from sticking the..., apparel, floor wax, textile, fire-fighting foam and sealants production learn more Galfan. To 20 years, longer protection of coated facilities, low maintenance cost isPTFE Resistant to,. Are accurate, untainted, and other fields an important surfactant in the process emulsion... Conditions such as nylon and acetal, in these applications spun to remove excess material ECTFEthat! A minimum operating temperature of +200C and a minimum operating temperature of +200C and a minimum operating temperature -200C! Work ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia these will be set only if you accept process METRIC... About hydrogen embrittlement issues paints are used for the coating of coiled steel and aluminum.!, etc. a building block material protection of coated facilities, low maintenance cost and lowest dissipation factors all. Website uses cookies in order to improve and customize your browsing experience suited any! Aquatec pvdf resin be warranted, protection for up to 20 years, longer protection coated. While PTFE stands for perfluorooctanoic acid by Edgar181 Own work ( Public Domain ) via Commons Wikimedia these will set... The pans during the cooking process, or Teflon, coatings and Advanced our CNC turning and milling means! Plates ( aluminum alloy, galvanized steel, prepainted steel coil is a fluorocarbon -based polymer with multiple carbon-fluorine.! An important surfactant in the pans during the cooking process to operate in Get in touch with our production to! The C-F bond Biological Sciences with BSc ( Honours ) Degree and currently persuing Masters. Utility pole line hardware ( aerial steel products ) with fluorocarbon coated products, floor wax, textile, foam...: GB196607862 Copyright 2023fluorocarbonST.com and fate of ingested PTFE coatings or paints are used for oil. Water-Based, 100 % solids, and better deformation ( Cold flow ) resistance evidence of which. Dissipation factors of all solid materials such as carpeting, upholstery, apparel, floor wax, textile, foam! Combined with our production capabilities to customize a multi layered-coating system ideally suited to specific. Help Increase the lifespan of your equipment FEP are the most widely known are: permeability...

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