immediate effects of fukushima nuclear disaster

Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss. Goto, A., Bromet, E.J., Fujimori, K. et al. Based on the UNSCEAR assessment, 12 of the most exposed workers received thyroid doses in the range of 2 to 12 Gy, mostly from inhalation of131I. 2014;14:129. Because residents living near Fukishima were rapidly evacuated, few people were directly harmed by the radiation. PubMed Central BMC Psychiatry The immediate effect was a decline in global nuclear electricity generation through 2012. Fukushima residents suffered no harmful health effects after the the Fukushima power plant disaster. On September 11-12, 2011, six months after the Thoku earthquake, an international expert symposium took place at Fukushima Medical University. The survey targeted women who lived in Fukushima prefecture and who had registered their pregnancies between August 1, 2010 and July 31, 2011. Is there a risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer among children of Fukushima prefecture? A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Tamaki R, Murata M, Okano T. Risk factors for postpartum depression in Japan. An hour after the earthquake, a 14-15 m . Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. A decade after a powerful earthquake and tsunami set off the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear meltdown in . While many of the exposed marine organisms remain around Japan, a number of species are highly migratory and swim across the North Pacific to the West Coast of North America. Cite this article. TEPCO officials reported that the leak was the result of an open valve in the short barrier wall that surrounded several of the tanks used in radioactive water storage. Nuclear disasters can cause widespread death and sickness among wildlife, just like humans. Given that the earliest a woman can register her pregnancy in Japan is in the fourth gestational week, and the latest is at the time of delivery, this target period was expected to cover most women who were pregnant at the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. 2011;108:19526195269. Fukushima Now: Problems, Solutions and Concerns. In a nuclear power plant, the fuel, an isotope of either uranium or plutonium, undergoes fission to produce the energy that is used to heat water and turn steam-driven turbine generators. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The disaster that ripped through northern Japan in March 2011 killed more than 19,000 people and prompted a global reckoning with the dangers of nuclear power. Solberg , Dale MT, Holmstrm H, Eskedal LT, Landolt MA, Vollrath ME. The Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, was a multiple disaster that included an earthquake, tsunami, and a massive nuclear power plant accident that caused immediate disruption to medical care [3] and persistent radiation contamination across a broad geographic area [4]. Quake leaves 2 million people without power in Japan. Effects are quantified with a 3-D global atmospheric model driven by emission estimates and evaluated against daily worldwide Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) measurements and observed deposition rates. The study found no evidence of increases in . These factors and subsequent associations are shown in Table1. WHO continues to support Member States in building national capacities for preparedness and response to radiation emergencies and implementing the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). The current study examines regional variations in depressive symptoms among these women and associations with interruption in obstetrical care services after the Fukushima nuclear accident. The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear power plant accident had serious and long-term effects on the mental health condition of people living in Fukushima. Google Scholar. Newswise March 8, 2021 - March 11, 2021 will be the 10 th anniversary of the earthquake and tsunami that caused the meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Fukushima plant head: Too early to predict decommissioning. Environ Health Prev Med. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A number of lessons were learned that help Japan and all countries better plan, prepare, respond and recovery from potential nuclear accidents. Likewise, obstetrical complications were self-reported using a list of 15 complications. Each plant . Those holes partially exposed the nuclear material in the cores. The main radionuclides to which individuals were exposed included iodine-131 (131I) and caesium-137 (137Cs). [http://www.jaog.or.jp/sep2012/know/] Accessed February 6, 2015. Strengths of the research include the extensive range of participants surveyed, because in the present study, all women who were pregnant during the post-disaster period were contacted by utilizing the national pregnancy registration, which is unique to Japans maternal and child health care system. Acute effects include radiation sickness or death resulting from high doses of radiation (greater than 1 sievert [Sv], or 100 rems) delivered over a few days. They're all available to the public. Although obstetrical and infant medical histories were self-reported, mothers could refer to the Maternal and Child Handbook, which is provided to every pregnant woman in Japan at the time of their pregnancy registration, and is used among physicians and midwives to write medical records at every antenatal and postnatal visit, to aid in their reporting. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. < 1 year old) in the most affected area in the Fukushima prefecture. [http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/16025d/kako-monitoring.html]. These include: The Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) is expected to contribute to future health effect assessments. His home was next to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power . The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction post-2015 underlines that response to major disasters should include social mobilization and empowerment of local communities. For the twelve workers who were estimated to have received the highest absorbed radiation doses to the thyroid, an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer and other thyroid disorders was estimated. 1997;51:938. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8. 2010;19:87784. Conversely, Iwaki and Aizu, which had relatively lower radiation levels, had a significantly lower proportion of mothers with depressive symptoms (Iwaki: aOR=0.84, 95% CI=0.710.98, p=0.03; Aizu and Minamiaizu: aOR=0.72, 95% CI=0.600.87, p<0.01). These findings are a cause for concern because previous studies have shown that maternal worry about radiation levels lingered for many years after the Chernobyl accident and was associated with poorer mental health [2]. In 2015, UNSCEAR released a white paper that evaluates new information in the peer-reviewed literature. Risk communication proved to be essential and should be carried out by trained specialists. Regarding the risk of thyroid cancer in exposed infants and children, In this paper, we focus on the results of a screen for depressive symptoms among new mothers and its association with geographical region and interruption of obstetrical care after the Fukushima nuclear accident, which occurred after the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. Slurs The study also considered the effects of discrimination and slurs against the workers from the general population. 2011;23:297305. Fukushima Prefecture: Past radiation monitoring records. As such, in this disaster cohort, younger maternal age, first-time motherhood, past abortion history, psychiatric history, obstetrical complications, and infant abnormalities were all significantly associated with depressive symptoms [18-21]. Readings from August 2011 were used, as this was around the latest month in which our target population registered their pregnancies. Soil, 5(2), 333-350. . The lack of access to health care further contributed to deterioration of health. Havenaar JM, van den Brink W. Psychological factors affecting health after toxicological disasters. This hospital is located in the capital, Fukushima City, approximately 70km inland. The waves, travelling at up to 700 km/h and with a height of up to 40m, caused unimaginable devastation up to 10km inland. On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake struck Japan about 231 miles (372 kilometers) northeast of Tokyo off the Honshu Island coast. However, the psychological effects of Chernobyl remain widespread and profound resulting in suicides, alcohol abuse and apathy. Moreover, as part of the occupational health programmes, a special protocol for medical follow-up of emergency workers is being implemented. Effects of radioactive fallout on soil animal . Nearly 20,000 people died in the disaster, the majority from drowning, and more than 2500 people are still missing. With regard to obstetrical care, we asked women whether they changed the medical facility in which they were receiving antenatal and obstetrical care following the disaster. The Pregnancy and Birth Survey of the FHMS has been conducted every year since the disaster. Moreover, an interruption in care could be accompanied by evacuation and other disaster-related incidents, which may further affect maternal mental health. and outside of Japan. In the human body, iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland. Immediate effects of the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster on depressive symptoms among mothers with infants: a prefectural-wide cross-sectional study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Another post-earthquake study from Japan reported that mothers EPDS score was associated with their satisfaction with delivery, including obstetrical care [28]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Mishina H, Hayashino Y, Fukuhara S. Test performance of two-question screening for postpartum depressive symptoms. The tsunami subsequently flooded the reactors, causing various nuclear meltdowns, a hydrogen explosion and radioactive contamination in the plant's close vicinity. During the five years before the disaster, birth rates had been steadily falling in Japan. At least 16 workers were injured in the explosions, while dozens more were exposed to radiation as they worked to cool the reactors. Exposure to radioactive iodine is usually higher for children than for adults because of the size of their thyroid glands and the nature of their metabolism. However, there are no reports of any such radiation-induced effects in plants and animals outside this area, referred to as the Exclusion Zone. Among them, psychiatric history during pregnancy and obstetrical complications after the disaster were considered to be potential mediators, and both maternal age and birth history were entered into the multivariate analysis. Mental Health Consequences and Social Issues After the Fukushima Disaster The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear power plant accident caused multidimensional and long-term effects on the mental health condition of people living in Fukushima. Relationship between the Noto-Peninsula earthquake and maternal postnatal depression and child-rearing. the level of risk is uncertain since it is difficult to verify thyroid dose estimates by direct measurements of radiation exposure. We especially thank Kohta Suzuki for his expert advice on statistical modeling. Norio Kimura lost his 7-year-old daughter to the tsunami caused by the earthquake. This classification includes deaths caused by suicide, stress, and interruption of medical care. This survey was supported in part by the national Health Fund for Children and Adults Affected by the Nuclear Incident.. There were two major methodological limitations in the current study. The association between residential region and depressive symptoms was examined using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses. At the same time, efforts to deploy other low carbon sources, such as variable wind and solar, intensified as countries looked for new ways to address the climate crisis. It is the second worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power generation, behind the Chernobyl disaster. Pictured here are model simulations (using dye) on the long-term dispersal of 137 Cs released into the Pacific Ocean off Fukushima following the Daiichi nuclear accident, 43 days, 367 days, and 1412 day after. plume and ingestion of radioactivity in food) exposure pathways. From the right side on the map: SS: Soso, IW: Iwaki, KP: Kenpoku, KC: Kenchu, KN: Kennan, AZ: Aizu, MAZ: Minamiaizu. Among the 16,001 women targeted, 9,321 returned the questionnaires (response proportion=58.3%) and data from 8,196 women with singleton live births were analyzed. Ryota Takakura was working at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant on March 11 2011, packing low-level radioactive waste into drums, when the ground began to shake and then heaved like a ship . WHO continues its efforts towards implementation of the International Basic Safety Standards by promoting international cooperation, harnessing research, providing advice on risk assessment and evidence-based policies development. PubMed [7], reproduced with publisher permission (License Number 3365080379769). In Japan, approximately 18,000 people died or went missing due to an earthquake and tsunami in the Tohoku region 12 years ago on March 11, 2011 the most powerful quake ever recorded in the country. PubMed In the present study, we further excluded another 1,066 women: 459 whose pregnancy ended before the disaster, 145 with an unknown date of delivery, nine that experienced more than one pregnancy during the target period, nine who had a delayed survey response of over ten months, 21 who were living outside Fukushima Prefecture, 191 whose pregnancy outcome was one other than a live birth, 76 who gave birth to twins, 54 whose questionnaires were completed by someone else, and 102 women with missing data that related to depression. 10 years ago, according to UN report published on Monday. Efforts to clean up highly contaminated areas are generally failing because melting snow and rainwater run off the contaminated hills and return to recontaminate homes and land. Additionally, we recommend that mental health care providers pay careful attention to mothers whose antenatal care suffers interruption, such as those having to self-refer to a different facility, following a disaster. Advertisement. A sharp increase inmortalityamong elderly people who were put in temporary housings has been reported, along with increased risk of non-communicable diseases, such asdiabetesand mental health problems. There were public health consequences related to the response actions to the disaster, such as evacuation and relocation of people. Based on the above findings, we recommend that during the prioritization and resource allocation of mental health support, close attention be paid to regional variations in risk for mental health among new mothers. While no significant adverse outcomes were observed in the pregnancy and birth survey after the disaster, a higher prevalence ofpostpartum depressionwas noted among mothers in the affected region. These measures were taken based on radiation safety considerations and the massive damage to the infrastructure and facilities following the earthquake and tsunami. Fukushima accident, also called Fukushima nuclear accident or Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, Nuclear accident at the Tokyo Electric and Power Co. (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi ("Number One") plant in northern Japan, which became the second worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power generation.Tsunami waves generated by the main shock of the Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011 . Article The first was the Windscale reactor fire in the UK in 1957 - the second, the partial meltdown of a reactor at Three Mile Island in the US in 1979. On 11 March 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake occurred off the east coast of Japan, generating a tsunami that severely damaged coastal areas and resulted in 15 891 deaths and 2579 missing people. The substantial number of cases that have already been observed in the Fukushima Health Management Survey have been considered likely due to the sensitivity of the screening rather than to radiation exposure. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is an intergovernmental agency that facilitates co-operation among countries with advanced nuclear technology infrastructures to seek excellence in nuclear safety, technology, science, environment and law., On 11 March 2011, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale jolted the eastern coast of Japan. 2014;60:7581. But another major study published in 2021, close to the 35th anniversary of the disaster, found no evidence of additional DNA damage in children born to parents who were exposed to radiation . Correspondence to Children showed more issues with hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, and conduct problems. Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. BMC Psychiatry. Clin Oncol. CAS Clin Psychol Rev. As explained above, residential region and obstetrical care after the disaster were a focus of the current study due to previous investigations reporting a higher frequency of depressive symptoms in areas that experienced higher radiation levels within one city [9], and more severe disruptions of obstetrical care immediately following the disaster [6]. An initial basic survey was conducted to estimate levels of external radiation exposure. After. Radiation can cause dramatic reductions in antioxidants, making the birds that travel farthest the most vulnerable to nuclear contamination. Department of Public Health, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Putnam Hall - South Campus, Stony Brook, 11794-8790, NY, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan, You can also search for this author in In order to examine whether the relationship between any change in medical facilities and depression differed by the degree to which the local region was affected by the disaster, we repeated the same analysis and compared the severely affected coastal regions (Soso and Iwaki) with regions not as strongly exposed (Kenchu, Kenpoku, Kennan, and Aizu and Minamiaizu). Did anyone die as a result of the Fukushima accident? Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident beginning on 11 March 2011. California Privacy Statement, Mishina A, Mishina H, Morita Y. Feasibility of two-question screening tool for maternal depressive symptoms at well-child visits. However, in 2018 one worker in charge of measuring radiation at the plant died of lung cancer caused by radiation exposure. Is there a risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer among children of Fukushima prefecture? The combined impact and repercussions of the earthquake and tsunami caused great loss of life and widespread devastation in north-eastern Japan. Using the Japanese pregnancy registration system, the prefecture of Fukushima launched a population-based survey of women who were pregnant at the time of the Fukushima nuclear accident in order to assess their and their newborns health. In the present study, the risk was elevated in a region nearest to the damaged nuclear power plant. Thus, mothers affected by a disaster may require interpersonal support to help restore psychosocial resources. Eugene Hoshiko/AP. We found that a high proportion of mothers who were pregnant at the time of the Fukushima nuclear disaster exhibited depressive symptoms. . Disaster struck a city near Fukushima in 2011. PubMed Goto A, Rudd RE, Lai AY, Yoshida K, Suzuki Y, Halstead DD, et al. The triple disaster has highlighted and compounded such pre-existing underlying issues as falling birth rates, the fragmenting of the family unit, and the shrinking of local communities. The Fukushima nuclear accident as a part of a triple disaster was unprecedented in its scale and nature. The numbers are in addition to the roughly 600 deaths caused by the evacuation of the area surrounding the nuclear plant directly after the . The loss of social connections and family ties, and stigmatization of people from the Fukushima area, led to increased mental health issues and higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the people who were evacuated after the incident. has estimated individual doses based on typical scenarios of evacuation and time spent indoors and outdoors. WHO collaborates with international organizations using the existing inter-agency framework and arrangements under the. Efforts are needed, both inside and outside Japan, to share the lessons learned from Fukushima around the world. 2013;22:7608. February 28, 2020 by Joshua Rapp Learn. The disaster left dozens of villages along nearly 200 miles of coast heavily damaged or completely destroyed. All statistical analyses were conducted via STATA, version 10. The proportion of infants with a low birth weight was 7.3%, while 2.6% were born with a congenital anomaly. Although many areas located within the 20-km evacuation warning zone and the expanded zone (an area called the difficult-to-return zone) continued to remain off-limits due to high radiation levels, officials began to allow limited activities (business activities and visitation but no lodging) in other previously evacuated areas with moderately high radiation levels. By March 2017 all evacuation orders in the areas outside the difficult-to-return zone (which continued to sequester some 371 square km [about 143 square miles]) had been lifted. The main outcome measure was a standard two-item depression screen. People living in the vicinity of the FDNPS were exposed externally to irradiation from the radioactive cloud and ground deposits and internally from inhalation and ingestion of radionuclides. After controlling for maternal age and birth history, it was found that Soso, the region in which the nuclear power plant is located, had a significantly higher proportion of mothers with depressive symptoms (aOR=1.36, 95% CI=1.151.62, p<0.01). Drug Dev Res. Early tsunami waves hit two places in Japan. This study quantifies worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. (In actuality, the explosion punched a second hole in the containment vessel; the first hole had been created earlier by melted nuclear material that passed through the bottom of the vessel.) The effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident will be felt for decades into the future, say local and international activists on the 10th anniversary of Japan's triple disaster of March. In contrast, the response in the former Soviet Union was one of denial and secrecy. This led to a partial meltdown of the fuel rods, a fire in the storage reactor, explosions in the outer containment buildings (caused by a buildup of hydrogen gas), and the release of radiation into the air and ocean. Cookies policy. Members of the Pregnancy and Birth Survey Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey include: Akira Ohtsuru, Misao Ota, Seiji Yasumura, Shun Yasuda, Yasuhisa Nomura from Fukushima Medical University; Kenichi Hata from Fukushima Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kohta Suzuki from University of Yamanashi; and Akihito Nakai from Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital. Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. In more than 140 papers, he and colleagues have documented the relatively low radiation exposure of Fukushima residents and the health impacts of the evacuationa high death toll among the elderly, increases in chronic diseases, and a decline in general well-being. In the immediate aftermath of the accident, an area of about four square miles became known as the "Red Forest" because so many trees turned reddish-brown and died after absorbing high levels of radiation. A second, but smaller, nuclear accident took place in August 2013 when approximately 300 tonnes (330 tons) of irradiated water used in ongoing cooling operations in reactors 1, 2, and 3 was discharged into the landscape surrounding the Fukushima Daiichi facility. In a previous study of 103 Japanese mothers using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the current screening measure was 88% and 76%, respectively [12]. TEPCO officials reported that tsunami waves generated by the main shock of the Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011, damaged the backup generators at the Fukushima Daiichi plant. A comprehensive document on "17 Little-Known Facts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Caused by the Thoku Earthquake and Tsunami" contains the little-understood facts about the accident, in-depth and accessible explanations, a list of reliable sources for The radioactive materials released by the accident had many immediate harmful effects on plants and animals living within 20 to 30 km of the Chernobyl power plant at the time of the accident. Explosions resulting from the buildup of pressurized hydrogen gas occurred in the outer containment buildings enclosing reactors 1 and 3 on March 12 and March 14, respectively. Four variables were significantly associated with both the outcome (depressive symptoms) and the pertinent independent variable (residential region): maternal age, birth history, psychiatric history during pregnancy after the disaster, and obstetrical complications after the disaster. 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