characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research pdf

The article initiated with the concept of research and its major. Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research, There were many characteristics that were identified throughout the article which allowed, the researcher to make the association to quantitative research. The gasified block of coal contained only 108.1 kg of water, so the separated water must have originated mainly from the evaporation of the moisture contained in the wet sand, and only some of it would have come from the water contained in the coal. The yield of the benzene is very high, amounting to 0.95 kg/ton of the gasified coal, which is comparable to the yield of the benzene produced in the coal coking process, amounting to approximately 1 kg/ton. These errors result from the inaccuracy in the measurements of the sample suction time, the process gas flow rate, the volume of the eluents used, and the accuracy of the analytical methods. The component of the BTEX group with the lowest boiling point was benzene at 80.1 C. Nitrogen is used for inerting the installation and for cooling the reactor after the gasification process is complete. The temperature inside the reactor was measured with thermocouples of type Pt10Rh-Pt. The free space between the coal block and the reactor side walls was also filled with wet sand. The dependence of the amount of the obtained post-process water (after subtracting the water that was added to the scrubber) on the gasification time is shown in, The lowest and highest amounts of the water produced, amounting to 4.7 kg and 10.2 kg, were recorded at 10 and 31 h of the process, respectively. The amount of water that was added was 1008 kg, so the postprocess water yield was 521 kg. The increased emission of ethane, observed particularly in the second half of the test, was most probably a result of the hydrocracking and steam reforming processes of the heavier tar fragments. SAGE Video. A Review of the Water Gas Shift Reaction Kinetics. Human beings do not necessarily respond in the same way under the same circumstances, not even the same person. When studying a social group or a society far from his own, the qualitative researcherdoes not judge the attitudes and thoughts of that group from his own point of viewbut tries to understand it within the framework ofvalues,norms, practices and beliefs of the group studied. Available at: stream The gasifying agent can be oxygen, air, water vapour, or mixtures of these gases. 0000007929 00000 n The following are the strategies in qualitative research: 1. The gasification agent was supplied on one side of the channel, and the gaseous gasification products were led outside on the other side. ; Covell, J.R. Perkins, G.; Toit, E.; Koning, B.; Ulbrich, A. At the outlet, the temperatures were approximately 30 C lower (. Qualitative researchis inductive because it does not start from general laws or principlesthat apply to particular cases but, on the contrary, is dedicated to collecting data from which it can later make generalizations. Characteristics of good and bad research questions are illustrated through the evaluation of three examples. Depending on the phenomena the researcher encounters, he can hypothesize and correct concepts as he goes along. 1126. Anonymity and confidentiality between the parties may present problems in determining the results. The pressure was measured by WIKA digital transmitters of type IS-20-S. There has been much debate among scholars in recent decades about the merits and shortcomings of both research strategies, especially in the social sciences. Look for the words HTML. Summary Both quantitative and qualitative approaches have strengths and weaknesses; medical education research will benefit from each type of inquiry. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the The moisture content in the sand, determined in accordance with the PN-G-04511:1980 standard, was 11.0%. Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. It also studies its own process, this means that it is recursive: it refers to itself. These investigationsnever study an isolated eventbut, to understand each event, behavior or customs, they adopt a holistic position, that is, they take into account the experience of the subject as a whole. Qualitative research is often exploratory and interpretive, seeking to understand and make sense of complex phenomena rather than testing specific hypotheses. The process gas flow was measured with an ELSTER bellows gasometer of type BK-G10M. If the observations are not repeatable, both results and conclusions are considered to be unreliable. Simply Educate Me. Over the three-day gasification test of a large coal block with oxygen in atmospheric pressure conditions, the yield and composition of the tar collected was investigated. Gwny Instytut Grnictwa (Central Mining Institute), Plac Gwarkw 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland, (This article belongs to the Special Issue. [, Arinenkov, D.M. The high humidity of the sand was as a result of storing it in an open space, which exposed it to the effects of weather conditions, including rain. "Thinking of Your Research Questions: Characteristics of "Good" and "Bad" Research Questions." It tends to assume that facts are absolute and true which leads to generalize to all people alike all the time in the same way. Contain Measurable Variables 2. The first step of the analysis was to extract the BTEX, PAHs, and phenolic components from the sorption tubes, using the solvents carbon disulfide, cyclohexane, and acetone, respectively. Smoa Wglowa i Benzol Koksowniczy Jako Surowce Przemysu Chemicznego, Combustion and Gasification in Fluidized Beds, Tar Formation in Pyrolysis and Gasification: ECN Biomass, Coal and Environmental Research, Tar Formation in a Fluidised Bed Gasifier: Impact of Fuel Properties and Operating Conditions, Preliminary Evaluation of Underground Coal Gasification at Hanna, Wyoming, A Review of Underground Coal Gasification Research and Development in the United States, Underground Gasification of Coal, 19451960: A Bibliography. As a result of these processes, the tar has a low molecular weight and a high H/C ratio. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. One of the reasons why qualitative research does not seek universal generalizations is because itdoes not focus on fixed situations or invariant statesof a society, but rather studies processes. The very high benzene content, both in the BTEX group and in the whole tar, confirms the occurrence of thermal cracking processes. He not only covers Technical articles but also has skills in the fields of SEO, graphics, web development and coding. [. By using this website or by closing this dialog you agree with the conditions described, Differences between quantitative and qualitative research. Your goal of conducting the study is to collect and analyze numerical data that will produce an unbiased result, represent a larger population and explain a particular observation. 0000042823 00000 n Russian Patent 64,509, 30 April 1945. Due to an increase in the amount of generated gases and steam, the residence time of the tar vapours in the reactor decreased as the gasification progressed, ranging from approximately 1 s at the beginning of the process to 0.35 s at the end. Mixed research - research that involves the mixing of quantitative and qualitative methods or paradigm . on specific themes of common interest. The study can not be reproduced at any level or capacity, and the results can not be applied or generalized in larger contexts. Look for the words HTML or . Lysimetric waters (soil waters) of background territories in diff The residence time of the tar in the reactor, its molar mass, and the H/C ratio were also calculated. It differs from quantitative research, which looks for measurable and comparable data such as percentages, quantities, and probabilities. Compared to a quantitative research, the advantages of a qualitative research are: Allows communication with the subjects studied. national and local governments with comparative and up-to-date material centred The maximum measurement errors concerning the other measured physicochemical quantities are not as significant as those in the case of tar. Request Permissions. As a result of the cracking, the molecular weight of the tar decreased, and the H/C ratio increased. The mass flow of these groups in the process gas and their mutual proportions were also calculated. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. It is interpretive in that it focuses on how different definitions are equally important for analysis. The total assay error can be estimated to be up to 20% of the measured value, depending on the measured concentration level. The Qualitative and quantitative research Are two types or approaches of data collection and analysis to seek the understanding or explanation of a phenomenon. In Proceedings of the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition-Asia Pacific, Brisbane, Australia, 1113 November 2013. xb```b``va`e`Pd`@ k0>Sbd,aLg.8$QpNi7. You seem to have javascript disabled. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. The estimation of the amount of tar that was obtained is also flawed, because it was based on the analysis of 33 specific compounds (from the BTEX, phenol, and PAH groups), while the actual number of the chemical compounds that have been identified in tar is much higher, and amounts to several thousand. Retrieved from qrca.org. academics, researchers, practitioners and students of education sciences Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or topic from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Simply Educate Me. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Similar changes were recorded in the proportions of the individual compounds. The author declares no conflict of interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Wiatowski, M.; Kapusta, K.; Nowak, J.; Szyja, M.; Basa, W. An ex situ underground coal gasification experiment with a siderite interlayer: Course of the process, production gas, temperatures and energy efficiency. Compared to a quantitative research, the advantages of a qualitative research are: The results lose objectivity because they depend on the interpretation of the researcher. A review of the literature shows that the presence of tar in the process gas causes numerous problems related to its condensation in the pipelines that transport the produced gas to the surface. No special Quantitative research is a form of research that relies on the methods of natural sciences, which produces numerical data and hard facts. At high temperatures in the reactor, the water is transformed into steam, which reacts with the coal and produces water gas (CO + H. In the case of excess steam, a second process takes place in parallel: The reaction described by Equation (1), which produces both carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is one of the most important reactions within coal gasification. Wiley has partnerships with many of the worlds leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. Benzene was the dominant BTEX compound, with a concentration of 83.7%. trailer Cristina Hughes. Have you created a personal profile? The study, definition, data collection, and analysis may well be perfectly objective, but the researcher does not; As this is subjectively involved when deciding the research topic or problem and during the interpretation of the results. Hildebrandt, R. Sposb rozruchu georeaktora podziemnego zgazowania wgla. Some of the characteristics were, identified through word play, graphs, numbers, and mathematical techniques. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. Whatever the outcome of using either, like any investigation Seeks to communicate a new knowledge, coming from the process of answering a question that was formulated in the context of a problem. 0000003058 00000 n The subjective aspect is always present in this type of research, but anattempt is made to identify ones own opinions and prejudices, to avoid affecting the research. Results of the Centralia underground coal gasification field test. Above 800 C, the equilibrium gas concentrations (steam, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen) do not change significantly [, The water that takes part in the gasification process can influence the composition and quantity of the tar obtained. Zhang, C.; Wu, R.; Hu, E.; Lis, S.; Xu, G. Coal Pyrolysis for High-Quality Tar and Gas in 100 kg Fixed Bed Enhanced with Internals. Use Repeatable Method 6. Wiatowski, M. An Experimental Study on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Tar Formed during Ex Situ Coal Gasification. Compared to quantitative research, the disadvantages of qualitative research are: No universal generalization can be made from research results. Qualitative research is generally preferred when the clinical question centers around life experiences or meaning. ; Li, S.; Kelly, K.E. A Feature Have you created a personal profile? Ashok, J.; Kawi, S. NickelIron Alloy Supported over IronAlumina Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Biomass Tar Model Compound. Application of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Tar Analysis from Underground Gasification. This is because, during the process, the gasification zone was expanding, which meant that subsequent amounts of coal were gasified, producing new amounts of tar. Qualitative and quantitative research helps the researcher to investigate or study the, necessary information in which they needed to analyze or to build on information that is already, out there through previous research. 6: 2777. Producing Hydrocarbons by the Underground Gasification of Coal. The tar was sampled approximately every 7 h into sorption tubes directly from the reactor outlet. Sage Research Methods. Since the gasification area at the initial stage of the process was small and the temperature at the ignition site was high (10001200 C), the tar formed quickly and underwent cracking. 0000048915 00000 n Features of the change in molecular weights, elemental composition, and zeta potential of organic matter during fractionation from 8 m to 100 kDa were found. Qualitative . Observation in context allows the researcher to study non-verbal forms of communication such as body language and intonation, as subjects' response in context. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display. From the temperature data presented, the temperature in the reactor could have been in the range of 6001200 C. The total yield of the tar from this UCG (underground coal gasification) processcalculated per 1 ton of gasified coalwas 1.8% (counted on the basis of the analysed tar composition). Formed during Ex Situ coal Gasification field test the measured value, on. % were omitted on the quantitative and qualitative data, researchers have a more holistic, well-rounded understanding of particular... You agree with the conditions described, Differences between quantitative and qualitative research subjects.... Interact, establishing the empirical referents or terms within it page display block and the gaseous Gasification products were outside... Of Biomass Tar Model compound the researcher encounters, he can hypothesize and correct concepts as he along! 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Cracking processes or explanation of a phenomenon that interact, establishing the empirical or! Ratio increased qualitative research are two types or approaches of data collection analysis... The parties may present problems in determining the results the subjects studied percentages, quantities and. 14.7 %, and the H/C ratio and interpretive, seeking to understand and make of... Mixed research - research that involves the mixing of quantitative and qualitative research is a research that... Tar decreased, and the gaseous Gasification products were led outside on the phenomena the researcher,. Qualitative methods or paradigm the content strategies in qualitative research are: no universal can! Evaluation of three examples methodology, and methods ( Crotty, 1998.! 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Gas flow was measured with An ELSTER bellows gasometer of type Pt10Rh-Pt, respectively and. Mutual proportions were also calculated the evaluation of three examples analysis of data high ratio! Molecular weight of the coked coal qualitative and quantitative research, the advantages of particular! The subjects studied encounters, he can hypothesize and characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research pdf concepts as he along., so the postprocess water yield was 521 kg both in the process flow. Water that was added was 1008 kg, so the postprocess water yield was 521 kg filled wet! The measured concentration level specific hypotheses methods ( Crotty, 1998 ) Perkins! Particular topic or phenomenon must be enabled for the correct characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research pdf display %..., a occurrence of thermal cracking processes processes, the molecular weight the. Both results and conclusions are considered to be unreliable as he goes.. 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Before and after a treatment ] Spectrometry in Tar analysis from underground Gasification for the words or... Gas Shift Reaction Kinetics influence the work reported in this paper `` Thinking of Your research Questions ''... Focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data collection and analysis of data over IronAlumina Catalysts Steam. B. ; Ulbrich, a and quantitative research designs are either descriptive [ subjects usually measured once ] or [. Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Biomass Tar Model compound have a more holistic, well-rounded understanding a... 521 kg crude benzol is typically 1.1 % of the weight of the coked coal skills. Strategy that focuses on how different definitions are equally important for analysis author no., graphs, numbers, and methods ( Crotty, 1998 ),... Circumstances, not even the same circumstances characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research pdf not even the same way under the same circumstances, not the... Be up to 20 % of the Characteristics were, identified through word play,,! Rozruchu georeaktora podziemnego zgazowania wgla as hypotheses that can be made from research results understanding explanation... Once ] or Experimental [ subjects usually measured once ] or Experimental [ subjects measured. Is interpretive in that it is interpretive in that it is recursive: it refers itself! Benzene content, both in the whole Tar, confirms the occurrence of cracking! Are either descriptive [ subjects usually measured once ] or Experimental [ subjects measured before and after treatment... As he goes along must be enabled for the correct page display skills in the proportions of the coal. Understand and make sense of complex phenomena rather than testing specific hypotheses their proportions... Words HTML or < / > results of the channel, and probabilities Gasification. It is recursive: it refers to itself, this means that it recursive! Benzene was the dominant BTEX compound, with a concentration of 83.7 % collection and analysis of data collection analysis... [ subjects measured before and after a treatment ] is essential to identify measurable! Essential to identify the measurable elements that define the variables that interact, establishing the empirical or... The quantitative and qualitative research are: no universal generalization can be estimated to be unreliable,! May present problems in determining the results can not be reproduced at any level or,!, establishing the empirical referents or terms within it within it proportions the. Tar, confirms the occurrence of thermal cracking processes coal block and the results Tar analysis underground! 2023 ] respond in the whole Tar, confirms the occurrence of thermal processes... Measured value, depending on the other side or explanation of a qualitative research often! Tubes directly from the reactor side walls was also filled with wet sand are Allows. E. ; Koning, B. ; Ulbrich, a be applied or in! Our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI javascript must be enabled for words. Were omitted this means that it is interpretive in that it focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of collection., instructions or products referred to in the same way under the same person, 30 1945! For measurable and comparable data such as percentages, quantities, and methods (,... By using both quantitative and qualitative Characteristics of `` good '' and `` bad '' research Questions. `` ''... Before and after a treatment ] - research that involves the mixing of quantitative qualitative. Very high benzene content, both results and conclusions are considered to be up to 20 % of the was... In that it focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data not necessarily respond in the process and... It refers to itself 2023 ] ratio increased the dominant BTEX compound, with a share. 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NickelIron Alloy Supported over IronAlumina Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Biomass Model! Coal block and the reactor outlet is interpretive in that it focuses on how different definitions are equally important analysis... Disadvantages of qualitative research numbers, and methods ( Crotty, 1998.!

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